Condyloma, also known as genital warts, is a viral disease caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Although it commonly appears on the genital area, it can also occur in any region that may come into contact during sexual activity, including the anus and oral cavity. While it resembles a wart, condyloma can vary widely in size, shape, and color. The lesions may appear in various forms such as cauliflower-like growths, papules, blisters, or flat warts, making careful examination by a specialist important.
Diagnosis is typically made through visual examination, multi-PCR testing, and sometimes a biopsy. After visually identifying suspicious lesions, a multi-PCR test can be used to determine the exact HPV type involved. Condyloma is most commonly caused by HPV types 6 and 11. In contrast, high-risk types such as HPV 16 and 18 are associated with certain cancers, making accurate diagnosis particularly important.
A biopsy may be performed to differentiate condyloma from other conditions, especially when lesions are small or atypical. In more severe cases, the lesions may spread into the urethra or anal canal, requiring endoscopic examination. In fact, condyloma occurring within the urethra accounts for approximately 20% of all cases. In such situations, a flexible endoscope and spinal anesthesia may be used to reduce patient discomfort during examination and treatment.
The primary treatment method for condyloma is removal of the lesions using a CO₂ laser. This technique has the advantage of minimal bleeding, relatively low recurrence rates, and immediate results. It is typically performed under local anesthesia, and most patients can undergo the procedure with little discomfort. In some cases, cryotherapy may also be used. This method is relatively inexpensive, leaves minimal scarring, and can be safely performed even during pregnancy. For patients who have difficulty visiting the hospital frequently, imiquimod cream may be prescribed for home treatment as part of a combined management approach.
One of the biggest challenges in treating condyloma, however, is its high recurrence rate. Regardless of the treatment method used, recurrence occurs in approximately 25–50% of cases. Even after the visible lesions are removed, HPV may remain in the body and lead to repeated recurrences. This often becomes a major source of frustration for patients during the treatment process. For this reason, treatment should not be discontinued prematurely simply because symptoms have improved. It is important to complete the recommended treatment period and undergo regular follow-up examinations.
In addition to medical treatment, efforts to strengthen the immune system are also important. Adequate sleep, regular exercise, and a balanced diet can help improve immune function, while effective stress management also plays a role in maintaining overall health. Patients are also advised to avoid sexual activity until they receive confirmation of complete recovery. Successful treatment of condyloma therefore requires not only medical care but also improvements in overall lifestyle habits.
Dr. Lee Chang-gi of Goldman Urology Clinic’s Incheon branch explained that HPV typically clears naturally from the body within about one and a half to two years. He emphasized that patients should trust their physicians and continue treatment consistently during this period. Although frequent recurrences in the early stages can cause significant stress, the situation usually improves over time. Overcoming the initial difficulties and completing the full course of treatment is ultimately the most effective path toward recovery.