Condyloma, commonly known as genital warts, is a viral condition caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). It typically appears on areas that can come into contact during sexual activity, including the genital region, anus, and sometimes the oral cavity. Although it resembles common warts, condyloma can vary widely in size, shape, and color. Lesions may appear as cauliflower-like growths, papules, blister-like formations, or flat warts, which is why careful clinical examination by a medical professional is important.
According to data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in 2023, the number of patients diagnosed with anogenital warts (A630) reached 61,141. The condition is considered relatively common and is known to spread through sexual contact. Infection has been reported even after a single sexual encounter, highlighting the importance of prevention and proper management.
Diagnosis is typically made through visual examination, Multi-PCR testing, and sometimes biopsy. After identifying suspicious lesions visually, a Multi-PCR test can be used to determine the HPV subtype. Condyloma is most commonly associated with HPV types 6 and 11. However, high-risk types such as HPV 16 and 18 are linked to other diseases, making accurate classification important. A biopsy may be considered to differentiate condyloma from other conditions, particularly when the lesions are small or atypical. If the lesions extend into the urethra or anal canal, endoscopic evaluation may also be required, as cases involving the urethra have been reported.
Treatment generally focuses on removing the lesions. One commonly used method is CO₂ laser therapy, which removes the lesions while minimizing bleeding and is typically performed under local anesthesia. In some cases, cryotherapy may also be used, which removes the lesions by freezing them. For patients who have difficulty visiting the hospital frequently, topical treatments such as imiquimod cream may be prescribed. The choice of treatment depends on the location and size of the lesions, as well as the patient’s overall condition.
However, condyloma is known to have a relatively high recurrence rate. Studies suggest that recurrence can occur in a certain proportion of patients even after successful removal of the lesions. This is because HPV may remain in the body even after the visible warts are removed. For this reason, patients are advised not to discontinue treatment on their own once symptoms improve, but instead follow medical guidance and undergo regular follow-up examinations.
Alongside treatment, maintaining overall health is also important. Adequate sleep, regular exercise, and balanced nutrition can help support immune function. Stress management is also recommended. During the treatment period, patients are generally advised to avoid sexual contact, and if unavoidable, the use of protective measures is recommended.
The course of HPV infection can vary from person to person. In some cases, the viral load may decrease over time. However, because the progression and management of the infection differ between individuals, ongoing consultation and monitoring with a healthcare professional are recommended.
Written by Dr. Kim Tae-heon, Goldman Urology Clinic, Seoul Station Branch.